Abstract. Gender issues are currently the concern of many countries including Indonesia as the world's largest archipelagic country with large fish resource potential. The role of women in productive work on the coast of West Java Province, Indonesia is very large, especially in the business of processing fish. Women fish processing in West Java can increase the added value of fishery products landed by fisher. Research on the relationship of gender roles and livelihoods of fisheries is very rare. This study aims to analyze the role of gender in small-scale fish processing. The method used is a survey and in-depth interviews of 250 respondents fish processing business owners in West Java. The results showed that the role of fish processing women is very large in the production and domestic work. Women can not ignore homework even though they work as fish processors. The implication of this research is the policy in determining the target of extension in the field of small scale fisheries by involving the women in the activity of empowerment.

Keywords: empowerment, extension, fisheries, gender, women

Introduction

The division of labor between men and women or husband with wife has existed long ago. Some social experts argue that the role of women in domestic or reproductive work is given naturally. The domestic role of women is brought to the separation of jobs in the public sector. Women in productive employment tend to do work that is similar to domestic work. This condition tends to be hereditary and it is feared patriarchal values will take root in the social system despite the fact that these values began to decline since some kingdoms in Europe were led by a queen (Hardwick 1998).

The division of labor in households in rural West Java tend to retain patriarchal values. Women tend to be dominant in housework and men work in the fields. In addition, men are also dominant in the decision-making process. However, women in rural West Java have a double role and the larger time spent doing homework (Sajogyo 1981). This condition also occurs in coastal villages of Bangladesh, the role of women contributes to fishing and fish farming work but women still prioritize homework (Mowla 2002).

Current conditions have changed. The role of women in productive employment is also considerable. The role of the fisherman's wife working odd jobs by processing and selling fish or selling daily necessities (Hauriham 1986; Karnaen & Amanah 2013). Hubeis AVS (2010) classifies three gender roles of domestic, productive, and social roles. Although domestic work is not paid but is useful in sustaining households while productive employment is paid for as a result of its work and heavy work is usually done by men.

Method

This research used qualitative method. Respondents filled out questionnaires accompanied by researchers. To obtain valid information then conducted an in-depth interview with semi-structured questions. Data collection was conducted in Cirebon and Sukabumi Regency of West Java Province from October 2016 until February 2017.

The research location in Cirebon Regency is Gunungjati, Plumbon, Sumber, Suranenggala, Mundu, Pangenan, Panguragan, Beber, Jamblang, Weru, Astanajapura, and Gebang. The research location in Sukabumi Regency is Pelabuhan Ratu, Cisolok, Cisaat, Ciemas, Bantargadung, Jampang Kulon, Simpenan, Citarik, Cibadak and Sukaraja.

Data collection in both locations to 100 respondents in Sukabumi Regency consisted of 38 salted fish processors, 22 pindang processors, 28 fish baso processors, 5 terasi processors, 3 abon fish processors, and 4 other processors. Data collection in Cirebon to 150 respondents consisted of 24 salted fish processors, 50 pindang processors, 12 fish baso processors, 6 terasi processors, 5 fish abon processors, 9 fish crackers, 16 fish smokers, 10 crab processors, 14 shell processors, 4 other processors.

Results and Discussion

As in agriculture, heavy fish processing jobs such as searching for raw materials, packaging, and selling products are done by men, while women's role as product processors, equipment cleaners, and financial management. The stages of fish processing are looking for raw materials by men, processing fish by women, packing products by men, cleaning tools by women, selling products by men, and saving money by women (Table 1).

Productive work undertaken by women is usually women's work such as service, cooking and cleaning. Women's relationships with domestic work make women more dual-role even some women choose to work part time (Gonas & Karlson 2006). This happens in small scale fish processing business in West Java. Women play a role in processing products, cleaning places, and cleaning fish processing equipment. The timing of the role of fish processing women is estimated to be 40% to process fish and 60% to take care of the homework. Agreed with Sajogyo (1981) that rural women in West Java play a double role with 2 to 4 hours of productive time and 4 to 6 hours of homework.

Table 1. The division of labor on fish processing in the study site

Type of processing

Stages of work

Obtain raw materials

Processing products

packaging

Cleaning equipment

Sell products

Save money

Crb

Skb

Crb

Skb

Crb

Skb

Crb

Skb

Crb

Skb

Crb

Skb

Salted fish

Pindang fish

Baso fish

Terasi

Abon fish

Cracker fish

Smoked fish

Crabs

Scallops

Others

Crb: Cirebon Regency, Skb:Sukabumi Regency, MO: male only, FO: female only,

MD: male dominant, FD: female dominant.

Table 1 indicated the role of men in the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) was very dominant compared with the role of women in the stages of fish processing work. On the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) the role of women in fish processing was more dominant. Characteristics of gender relations in fish processing was determined by the type of processing such as salted fish, pindang, baso fish, terasi, abon, fish crackers, smoked fish, crabs, and others.

The stages of work in salted fish processing in both areas of the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) and south (Sukabumi Regency) were conducted by men and women equally. Generally, the selection and transportation of raw materials is done by men. The next stage, women weeded, washed, drained, soaked salt solution, placed fish in the parlor, and dried and flipped fish. The next stage of fish was packed by men in used cardboard. Equipment and workplaces were cleaned by women while men sell salted fish to nearby markets or through collecting merchants. The proceeds from the sale were then handed over to women for storage.

The processing work of pindang on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) was dominantly done by women, just like the salted fish the role of picking and transporting raw materials done by men and then the fish is washed, drained, sprinkled with salt, and arranged in the basin, boiled and drained by women. The next stage of the fish was rearranged in a basin and sold by men to nearby markets. Then money was handed over to women. Jobs that take long distances were left to the men. The search for raw materials of pindang and the distance far done by man. According to Atit (pengolah pindang in Cirebon):

“sing tuku bahan baku pindange ya laki soale adoh ng Indramayu lan kudu lelang rada suwe sing esuk sampe bedug nembe teka, rabi bli bisa melu soale repot masih duwe bocah cilik-cilik, rabi ning umah gendong anak”.

“the husband who bought the raw materials of pindang because the distance is far in Indramayu and the auction must take a long time from morning until noon is just finished, the wife can not participate because busy still have small children, so the wife at home just carrying children”

On the other hand, the stages of pindang processing on the south coast (Sukabumi Regency) were dominated by men. Nevertheless the role of women remains as a processor or cooker, while searching for raw materials, packaging products, cleaning equipment, and selling dominant products was done by men. Similarly, on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency), finances are managed by women.

The processing of fish baso on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) was dominantly done by women. Work begins with picking and transporting raw materials by men. Next the women wash, drain, fill, grind, and stir with spices and then the baso formed and boiled. Men helped in the process of filling and grinding fish meat. After the baso drained and then packed in plastic or a particular container. Baso sold by men and the money handed over to women. If husband holds money and gives a daily expenditure was taboo. The men in Cirebon who likes to give of daily expenditure to wife often called cupar(ridicule). According to Sadika (fish baso processor):

“ibunya ga bisa pergi cari bahan baku karena ga bisa bawa motor, sing bisa nyetak baso isun, rabi isun sih bantu nyiapnang sayuran karo bumbu kuah, ari esuk rabi isun sing ngurusi umah, isune mangkat luru bahan baku bakso ng bakul sekalian giling ng pasar, sing nganter-nganter baso ng langganan anak isun, isun wis pegel tinggal istirahat bae”.

“wife can not go looking for raw materials because can not ride a motorcycle, husband who can make baso, wife help prepare vegetables and seasoning, if the morning wife take care of house, I go looking for raw material of raw material trader basso grind fish in market, then baso sent by my child to customers, I'm tired of taking a rest”.

Fish baso processing work was done by all household members. A wife, husband, and child have their respective roles. A child helps in sending baso to customers, as well as a wife's double role in processing baso and taking care of housework.

On the contrary, the work of baso processing on the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) was dominated by men from starting to search for raw materials, processing, packaging, cleaning equipment, and selling products. Fish baso was worked by men but the money from the sale of baso left to the women.

Processing terasi on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) was processed rebon or small shrimp. Some male processors obtained raw materials by catching rebon in the sea (Cirebon Regency). In addition, raw materials are also obtained from fisher. Furthermore the rebon was soaked, dried, pounded, fermented, and formed by women. Then terasi were packed and sold by men. On the contrary, the processing of terasi on the south coast (Sukabumi Regency) was dominated by men.

The work of making fish abon in the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) was dominated by women. Abon processing begins with finding and selecting raw materials by men. Then the fish was washed, drained, cut, boiled, peppered, and pressed by women and was assisted by men. Next woman smoothed and fried the fish. Then men pack and sell fish abon. The money from the sale was handed over to the wife.

The raw material of abon fish on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) was delivered directly by suppliers to the abon processing plant. Therefore, the role of women in abon processing was very dominant including choosing raw materials. If the raw materials on suppliers are empty, husband and wife looked for raw materials to the nearest fishing port because the wife can not ride but she can choose quality raw materials. Raw material used is mackerel type. According to Mrs. Puji (fish abon processor in Cirebon):

“bahan baku ikan dikirim ke rumah tapi kalau tidak dikirim biasanya nyari ke Karangsong berdua sama bapaknya karena lumayan jauh jaraknya, saya harus milih ikan yang dagingnya bagus dan tebal, biasanya ikan tenggiri yang dagingnya tebal dan putih”.

"fish raw materials are sent to the house but if not sent usually looking to Karangsong with husband because far, I have to choose fish that the meat is good and thick, usually mackerel fish meat thick and white".

On the contrary, the processing of abon fish in the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) was dominantly done by men including looking for marine fish raw materials. Processed fish is a type of marlin and tuna. According to mother Aan (processor abon in Sukabumi):

“rata-rata pengolah abon di Sukabumi mah nganggo lauk marlin tapi upami teu ayamah nya tuna, marlin mah benten ti nu sanesna dagingna tebel, upami ka pelabuhan ikan mah bapakna wae da tebih kedah naek motor bapak na oge tiasaeun milih lauk mah”.

"the average processor in Sukabumi abon using marlin fish but if not using tuna, marlin better because the meat is thick, if the fish port of the husband because far must ride motorcycle, husband can also choose fish".

The work of making fish crackers on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) was done by men and women. Crackers were made from stingrays and some were made from fish meat mixed with flour dough. Men looked for raw materials stingray skin. Next the men wash and dry the skin of the fish. Then women boiled, weeded, dried, and fried fish skins. The man packed the product and sold it to the nearest market or gift shop. The work of packing crackers was helped by his sons after school. According to Tarido (cracker processor in Cirebon):

“luru bahan baku kadang suamie atau rabie di dekat rumah soale sing ngedol bahan baku masih sedulur, sing ngolah kerupuk rabie, suami sing motong-motong kerupuk soale alat motong manual kudu tenagae kuat, bsoke jemur kerupuk terus istri nggoreng, dikemas plastik bari dibantu anake pulang sekolah, konsumen atau reseller marek dewek ng umah biasane sedina habis 50 kg”.

“looking for raw materials sometimes husband or wife near the house because the raw material traders are still relatives, the wife who makes crackers, husbands who cut the pieces of crackers because the tool is still manual cut need strong power, early in the morning sunning crackers and frying, plastic packed crackers assisted by his children after school, buyers come alone usually a day out 50 kg”

The smoked fish were worked by women on the north coast (Cirebon Regency). Fish processing begins with the search for raw materials by men. Next the women wash the fish, chop the fish, wash again, soak the fish for 2 hours, the fish smoked and drained. Then the man packed and sold fish to the nearest market. The money from the sale was handed over to the wife.

The process of crab processing work on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) was dominant by women. Some of the men catched the crabs and boil them on the boat. Crabs were caught with bubu or nets while others boil the mainland crabs that are dominantly performed by women. Next the crab was peeled and picked up, and put in a jar. Then the man packed a bowl of jars into the cool box and was transported to the exporter company.

As well as crabs, processing of green shells on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) was done by women. The raw materials of shellfish were obtained from fisher or dominant shellfish cultivators by men. Scallops were washed, soaked, boiled, and peeled meat by women. Meat shells were collected in containers, on ice, and sold by men. The money from the sale of shellfish kept by women.

Other fish processing such as nuget were done by men (Cirebon Regency). Industrial work was male-dominated. Men becomes the owner of the nuget industry because they have work experience in the factory. The work to process nugets was a lot of women. On the contrary, processing of pindang water and baby fish on the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) all stages of work was done by women. This type of fish processing is an alternative livelihood for women on the southern coast of West Java.

Fish processing works related to domestic affairs such as cooking, washing dishes, washing clothes, ironing, sweeping, mopping houses, shopping, and nurturing or teaching children. When men have a dominant role in fish processing, women have a dominant role in domestic affairs. Men on the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) were more dominant in the stages of fish processing work and women are more dominant in doing homework. On the north coast (Cirebon Regency), the role of women was more dominant in fish processing and homework (Table 2).

The role contribution of women in fish processing work was not only driven by financial problems but was influenced by the willingness of men to help with homework. Therefore, men can also act as housewives (Bekkengen 2002). In addition, some women in Indonesia want to be respected by families and do not want to be considered weak and home-grown women such as women who work as heavy equipment drivers in Tangerang factories (Ford & Parker 2008).

Advances in communication technology even greatly helped balance the role of men and women both in the work affairs outside and inside the home (Gonas & Karlson 2006). The current trend of both men and women can freely worked outside the home was not limited time and distance to work. Women in rural West Java who find it difficult to find alternative employment in their villages even partially migrate abroad as domestic servants (Zid 2012).

Table 2 indicated that homework on the north coast (Cirebon Regency) such as cooking, washing dishes, washing clothes, and ironing was done by women but sweeping houses, mopping houses, shopping and teaching children can also be done by men. As perceived by the pindang processor, domestic work was done by a married man or daughter. Wife sold pindang in the traditional market from 1 pm until 11 pm. Wife took rest from traditional market, and she did not do the housework. According to Ropiah (pindang processor in Cirebon);

“Ari mangkat dagang pindang tengah wengi jam 1, balik jam 11, awan jadi ora sempet masak lan beberesih umah, sing ngrewangi blanja, masakan, nyapu, ngepel esuk kuh laki kadang anak wadon, lamun putue ora rewel anak wadon ngrewangi bebersih umah”.

"usually goes to sell pindang at night at 1 o'clock (1 a.m), home at 11 noon (11 p.m) so there is no time to cook and clean the house, people who help shopping, cooking, sweeping, mopping the morning is husband sometimes daughter, if the child is not naughty, women help clean the house ".

Junedi (fish baso processor);

“esuk laki bantu nyapu lantai karo halaman, rabi sing masak, jam 06.30 nganter anak sekolah sekalian mangkat ning pasar luru bahan baso plus bahan masak sedina dina, balik jam 9 laki mulai ngolah baso, jam 2 rabi ngrewangi usaha kredit barang rumah tangga jadi laki sing ngepel, sore laki mangkat dagang baso”.

“early in the morning the husband sweeps the floor and the yard, the wife cooks, 06.30 drove the schoolboy and goes to the market to find the ingredients of baso and cooking material every day, home from the market at 9 am the husband starts to process the baso, at 2 pm the wife helps business of household goods credits became husbands who mop, afternoon husbands passed away baso trade”

Jeni (fish cracker processor):

“usaha isun krupuk kulit, kerjanang awit esuk sampe sore, kadang ora sempet nyapu, nyuci baju, kadang arep nyuci tapi wis pegel, lamen bli sempet ya laki isun sing ngrewangi”.

"my business is fish crackers, working from morning to evening, sometimes did not sweep, wash clothes, sometimes want to wash but already tired, if not usually the husband who does".

In contrast to the south coast (Sukabumi Regency), domestic work was almost entirely done by women. The average domestic work time on the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency) was longer than in the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) because the number of households on the southern coast is much higher than on the north coast.

Cooking work turns out to be a priority so that it takes 1.8 hours per day on both the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) and the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency), even in the past time for cooking by West Java rural women for 3 hours per day (Sajogyo 1981). In addition, washing dishes was routine every day as it relates to the cooking and family meals. Other jobs such as washing clothes, ironing, sweeping, mopping, and shopping can be done on a daily basis. Furthermore, the job of nurturing and teaching the child takes more than 3 hours per day and for some mother done since waking up to sleep again. The work of taking care of children and families was the most important consideration for women who want to do business or work outside the home (Gonas & Karlson 2006). The status of work did not affect the role of gender in the fishery household. Women fish processing business owners kept doing their domestic work such as cooking, washing, and taking care of children (Karnaen & Amanah 2013).

Table 2 Distribution of domestic work in the study sites

Housework	Cirebon Regency		Sukabumi Regency
Housework	Female (hour/day)	Male (hour/day)	Female (hour/day)	Male (hour/day)
Cooking	1,8	-	1,8	-
Washing dishes	0,7	-	1,2	-
Washing clothes	1,1	-	1,6	-
Ironing	1,1	-	1,6	-
Sweep the house	0,7	1,0	0,7	-
Mopping home	0,5	1,0	0,8	-
Shopping	1,7	1,0	1,5	-
Parenting/teaching children	1,6	1,6	3,1	-

Increasing the role of women in the productive sector affects the division of the role of husband and wife in taking care of the house. The role of domestic work was likely to change over time. This happens because of the increasing role of women in entrepreneurship or work outside the home. Norway was a developed country with a high index of happiness in the world, the income of Norwegian women was increasing steadily from year to year. However, the role of women in homework and parenting decreases to 2 hours a day but the men increase half an hour a day to take care of children and homes. The data were obtained during the period of 1971 to 2000, and in the period 2000 to 2010 there was a slight change in time for homework increased slightly, especially in preparing food while the time for recreation decreased slightly (Statistics Norway 2012).

Today, many women work outside the home to earn an income. Women's role becomes more widespread than men because not only productive work, a woman also have to take care of household. Women as the key to household welfare (Sohail 2014). Therefore, women should be given skills to manage finances and save for households not poor (Kumari 2011). Women also need to be given alternative jobs such as fisher's wife who was skilled at fish processing can improve food security (Divakarannair 2007). However, alternative jobs of fisher wives should not ignore household domestic tasks (Frocklin et al. 2013).

Fish processing was related to the way of making decisions in business. The search for raw material done by men was related to determine the type of fish and the amount to be processed. Characteristics in decision making in both regions were also very different. However, in general decision-making of fish processing is done together.

Tabel 3. Decision making in fish processing business at study site

Activities		Decision making
		Cirebon Regency		Sukabumi Regency
Determining the raw materials to be processed.	husbad only				husband dominant
Determine the production holiday.	wife only				husband dominant
Buy fish processing equipment.	wife only				equivalent
Fixed fish processing place.	husband only				husband dominant
Expand the fish processing area	husband only				husband dominant
Dispose of waste	wife only				husband dominant
Determine the loan capital (amount, time, source).	wife dominant				equivalent
Determining sales targets (quantity, price, buyer).	wife dominant				equivalent
Increase or reduce labor.	wife dominant				husband dominant
Buying a carrier vehicle.	husband only				equivalent
Choose packaging materials (cardboard, plastic, or other).	wife only				equivalent
Adding food additives (preservatives, salt, dyes, flavorings).	wife only				equivalent
Attend group meeting	equivalent				husband dominant
Attend an extension / government event.	equivalent				equivalent
Attend a thanksgiving and other invitations.			equivalent			equivalent

Table 3 indicated that women on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) tend to be dominant in decision-making. Wife determines in a production holiday, purchases equipment, disposes of waste, capital loan, sales target, adds or reduces labor, chooses packaging materials, additional food ingredients but husband determines fish raw material, buys vehicle, extends the processing plant. In line with the research Muflikhati et al. (2010) that gender relationships in family decision making on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) were higher than the southern coast (Sukabumi Regency), even the gender relations and quality of family human resources affect the level of family welfare on the coast of West Java.

The involvement of women role in the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) in decision making was expected to be able to process fish properly and environmentally friendly, just like the involvement of women farmers in America. According to Hintz (2015) that female farmers in America were better able to apply environmentally friendly practices than men.

Conversely on the south coast (Sukabumi Regency) decision making tends to be dominated by men. The husband decided the selection of raw materials, holiday, expanding fish processing sites, disposing of waste, and adding or reducing labor.

The management of labor in the household of fish processing was adjusted to the working volume. Therefore, decision-making to reduce or increase labor was decided jointly. But the decision was influenced by the male or female leadership style. The decision to increase or decrease labor on the northern coast (Cirebon Regency) was dominated by women but on the south coast tends to be dominant husband. Women's leadership style was more cooperative and putting forward feelings but men were more assertive and transactional in applying reward and punishment (Barrett & Davidson 2006; Bryson 1987).

Decision-making in both areas in attending extension and government activities was conducted jointly and equally between husband and wife. The condition of gender relations in decision making in household fish processing was relevant to Sajogyo (1981) that the way of decision making in rural village was more dominated by man while in semi urban village tends to be equal.

Decision making in fishery households also affects income generation. The more equal in decision making the higher the household income because husband and wife have equal control over their business (Karnaen & Amanah 2013).

According Mugniesyah & Mizuno (2003) that the involvement of women's role in extension activities in rural Java West had been good as productive role in agriculture sector around forest through community forest program. However, women's involvement in village organizations was low except for the Family Welfare Development Organization (PKK). However, PKK organizations were limited in scope so that women's social and political influence in the village was weak. Whereas to increase rural development the government gives women access to organize in the Village Representative Body (BPD) and in the Institute of Community Empowerment (LPM).

Conclusion

The role of women in the processing of fish is very large because the work of processing fish is almost the same as homework. However, the work of processing fish on the southern coast became the work of men. The role of women in the fish processing business is more dominant in the northern coast compared with the southern coast. The men on the northern coast contribute low in both domestic and fish-processing jobs. The division of labor in fish processing households is better on the south coast although it tends to be patriarchy. Men on the southern coast are more dominant in fish processing and women on the south coast are more dominant in domestic.

The division of labor between men and women in the ideal household can affect the level of family welfare. Therefore, further research is needed to prove the effect of the division of labor on household welfare.

Extension targets on the southern coast (Sukabumi) should be male dominant, but on the north coast (Cirebon) should be dominant women. Extension targets on the southern coast (Sukabumi) should be male dominant, but on the north coast (Cirebon) should be dominant women. Increased fish processing capacity directed at food safety and environmentally friendly production.

Reference

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Ford, M & Parker, L 2008, Women and work in Indonesia. Routledge, Oxon, CA.

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Mowla, R 2002, An integrated approach on gender issues in coastal fisheries projects in Bangladehs: Problems and Challenges, Choo, PS, Hall, SJ, Williams, MJ, Eds 2004, Global Symposium on Gender and fisheries, Practical Printers, Penang, Malaysia.

Muflikhati, I, Hartoyo, Sumarwan, U, Fachrudin, A, Puspitawati, H 2010, Review of gender relations, human resource quality, and family welfare in coastal areas of West Java, Jurnal Ilmiah Pekerjaan Sosial. 9(1): 1 – 6.

Mugniesyah, SSM, & Mizuno, K 2003, Gender in sustainability of local organizations and institutions (a case in two upland villages of West Java), Gadjah Mada University Pr, Yogyakarta, ID.

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Statistics Norway 2012. Less time for leisure, more household work, Available from:< https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/tidsbruk/hvert-10-aar/2012-01-18 >[ 31 July 2017].

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Agribisnis dan Sumber Daya Perairan

Division of Labor

Introduction

Method

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Reference

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